BodhiScoreUP Board Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2026-27
Marks distribution
Total: 100 marks — 70 marks written exam, 30 marks practical.
| Unit | Topic | Marks |
|---|---|---|
| 6 | Reproduction | 14 |
| 7 | Genetics and Evolution | 18 |
| 8 | Biology in Human Welfare | 14 |
| 9 | Biotechnology | 10 |
| 10 | Ecology | 14 |
(Units are numbered 6-10, continuing from Class 11’s units 1-5.)
Topics covered
Unit 6 — Reproduction (14 marks): sexual reproduction in flowering plants (flower structure, development of male/female gametophytes, pollination — types, agents, examples, outbreeding devices, pollen-pistil interaction, double fertilization, post-fertilization events — endosperm and embryo development, seed development and fruit formation, special modes — apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony); human reproduction (male and female reproductive systems, microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary, gametogenesis — spermatogenesis and oogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilization, embryonic development up to blastocyst, implantation, pregnancy and placenta formation, parturition and lactation — general introduction); reproductive health (need for reproductive health, prevention of STIs, family planning — need and methods, contraception, medical termination of pregnancy, amniocentesis, infertility and assisted reproductive technologies — IVF, ZIFT, GIFT).
Unit 7 — Genetics and Evolution (18 marks): principles of inheritance and variation (Mendelian inheritance, deviations from Mendelian ratios — incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles, inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy, elementary introduction to polygenic inheritance, chromosome theory of inheritance, chromosomes and genes, sex determination in humans/birds/honeybee, linkage and crossing over, sex-linked inheritance — haemophilia, colour blindness, Mendelian disorders in humans — thalassemia, chromosomal disorders — Down’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome); molecular basis of inheritance (search for genetic material, DNA as genetic material, structure of DNA and RNA, DNA packaging, DNA replication, central dogma, transcription, genetic code, translation, gene expression and regulation, lac operon, genome and the Human Genome Project, DNA fingerprinting); evolution (origin of life, biological evolution and its evidence — paleontological, comparative anatomy, embryological, and molecular evidence, Darwin’s contribution, the Modern Synthetic Theory, mechanism of evolution — variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection, types of natural selection, gene flow and genetic drift, Hardy-Weinberg principle, adaptive radiation, human evolution).
Unit 8 — Biology in Human Welfare (14 marks): human health and disease (pathogens, parasites causing human disease — malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, common cold, pneumonia, amoebiasis, ringworm — and their prevention; basic concepts of immunology — vaccines, cancer, HIV and AIDS; adolescence — drug and alcohol abuse); microbes in human welfare (in household food products, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation, as biocontrol agents, and as biofertilizers).
Unit 9 — Biotechnology (10 marks): principles and processes (genetic engineering — recombinant DNA technology); applications (in health and agriculture, human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy, genetically modified organisms — Bt crops, transgenic organisms, biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents).
Unit 10 — Ecology (14 marks): organisms and populations (population attributes — growth, birth and death rates, age distribution; population interactions — mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism); ecosystems (structure, components, productivity and decomposition, energy flow, ecological pyramids of number, biomass, and energy); biodiversity and conservation (concept, patterns, importance, loss, conservation — hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries).
Practical exam (30 marks)
Split between external evaluation (15 marks: slide preparation 5, spotting 6, sessional work + viva 4) and internal evaluation (15 marks: one major experiment 5, one minor experiment 4, project work + viva 6).
Practical syllabus includes studying plant population density and frequency by quadrat method, pollen germination, mitosis via onion root tip slides, DNA isolation from plant material, permanent-slide studies (pollen germination on stigma, gamete development in testis/ovary sections, meiosis, blastula sections), a study of Mendelian inheritance using variously coloured/shaped seeds, pedigree chart analysis of inherited traits, identification of common disease-causing organisms (Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, ringworm fungus), and model demonstrations of symbiotic root nodules and homologous/analogous organs.